一位病人預計在兩小時後進行心導管檢查。哪些護理措施是降低併發症風險的優先重點？（選所有適合的）
A client is scheduled for a cardiac catheterization in two hours. Which nursing interventions are priorities to reduce the risk of complications? (Select all that apply.)
- AAssess the client for allergies to iodine or shellfish✓ 正解評估病人是否對碘或貝類過敏
- BVerify that the informed consent has been signed✓ 正解確認知情同意書已簽署
- CCheck the client's creatinine and BUN levels✓ 正解檢查病人的肌酸酐和 BUN 數值
- DInstruct the client to practice deep breathing and coughing指導病人練習深呼吸和咳嗽
- EAssess and mark the bilateral pedal pulses✓ 正解評估並標記雙側足背動脈搏動
心導管術前的風險管理重點在於對比劑安全與術後對照。對比劑含有碘，因此詢問過敏史（A）是預防過敏性休克的關鍵。對比劑具腎毒性，確認腎功能（C）能預防對比劑誘發的腎病。標記足背動脈（E）是為了術後能快速評估肢體灌流，及時發現動脈血栓。確認同意書（B）是合法的安全保障。選項 D（深呼吸咳嗽）雖然是術後常規，但不是心導管術前『降低特定併發症風險』的針對性優先措施。這題整合了過敏、腎功能、循環監測與法律程序四大要素。
Risk management before cardiac catheterization focuses on contrast medium safety and postprocedure comparison. Contrast contains iodine, so inquiring about allergy history (A) is key to preventing anaphylactic shock. Contrast is nephrotoxic, so confirming renal function (C) prevents contrast-induced nephropathy. Marking the dorsalis pedis pulse (E) allows rapid postprocedure assessment of limb perfusion to detect arterial thrombus promptly. Confirming consent (B) is a legal safeguard. Option D (deep breathing and coughing), while a routine postoperative measure, is not the targeted priority for reducing specific complications before cardiac catheterization. This item integrates the four major elements of allergy, renal function, circulatory monitoring, and legal process.
美國 NCLEX 高度重視對比劑過敏與腎功能的關聯；台灣臨床實務中，術前除了這些項目，還會特別強調雙側鼠蹊部除毛（Shaving）的清潔準備工作。