以下哪些護理介入體現了「病人權益倡導 (Advocacy)」的精神？（選所有適合的）

病人權益倡導（Advocacy）是護理師的核心職責之一，意指在病人無法充分表達自己需求、理解情況或做出決定時，為其爭取最佳利益，確保其權利受到保障。 正確答案 A, B, C, E 皆體現了護理師的倡導角色： A. 當醫師處方與病人已知過敏史衝突時，質疑處方（Questioning a provider's prescription when it contradicts the client's known allergy）：這是確保病人用藥安全的關鍵倡導行為。護理師識別出潛在的危險，並主動與醫師溝通，防止過敏反應發生。 B. 在病人簽署同意書前，確保其了解手術風險（Ensuring the client understands the risks of a procedure before signing consent）：這是維護病人自主權（Autonomy）和知情同意（Informed consent）的體現。護理師有責任確認病人充分理解程序內容、潛在風險、益處及替代方案，才能做出自主決定。 C. 協助病人向家屬表達臨終意願（Assisting the client to communicate their end-of-life wishes to family）：對於病情嚴重或生命末期的病人，護理師應支持其表達個人價值觀和意願，協助其與家人進行溝通，確保其臨終照護符合其期望，體現了對病人自主權和尊嚴的尊重。 E. 在跨專業會議中為非英語系病人發聲（Speaking up for a non-English speaking client during a multidisciplinary meeting）：語言障礙可能導致病人無法充分參與決策或表達需求。護理師應充當橋樑，確保病人的聲音被聽見，爭取其應有的照護與權益，體現了對病人文化權益的保障。 選項 D，獨自執行所有任務以避免委派他人（Performing all tasks by oneself to avoid delegating to others）：這並非病人權益倡導，而是可能反映了護理師對團隊合作的疑慮、對自身能力的過度承擔，或對委派（Delegation）的不熟悉。雖然護理師需對病人照護負責，但有效運用團隊資源、適當委派任務是提升照護效率與品質的必要手段，並非病人權益倡導的範疇。 護理師的倡導角色貫穿於日常照護的各個層面，從確保醫療安全、尊重病人自主，到促進公平的醫療可近性，都是對病人福祉的積極投入。

Patient advocacy is one of the core responsibilities of the nurse and refers to fighting for the patient's best interests and ensuring their rights are protected when the patient cannot fully express their needs, understand the situation, or make decisions. Correct answers A, B, C, and E all reflect the nurse's role as an advocate: A. Questioning a provider's prescription when it contradicts the client's known allergy is a key advocacy behavior for ensuring medication safety. The nurse identifies a potential danger and proactively communicates with the physician to prevent an allergic reaction. B. Ensuring the client understands the risks of a procedure before signing consent reflects respect for autonomy and informed consent. The nurse is responsible for confirming that the client fully understands the procedure's content, potential risks, benefits, and alternatives so that an autonomous decision can be made. C. Assisting the client to communicate their end-of-life wishes to family: For clients who are seriously ill or at the end of life, the nurse should support their expression of personal values and wishes and help them communicate with family, ensuring that end-of-life care matches their expectations and respects autonomy and dignity. E. Speaking up for a non-English speaking client during a multidisciplinary meeting: Language barriers may prevent the client from fully participating in decision-making or expressing needs. The nurse serves as a bridge to ensure the client's voice is heard, advocating for the care and rights they deserve and demonstrating protection of the client's cultural rights. Option D, performing all tasks by oneself to avoid delegating to others, is not patient advocacy. It may instead reflect doubts about teamwork, overburdening oneself, or unfamiliarity with delegation. While the nurse is responsible for patient care, effective use of team resources and appropriate delegation are necessary for improving the efficiency and quality of care; this is not part of patient advocacy. The nurse's advocacy role runs through all aspects of daily care, from ensuring medical safety and respecting patient autonomy to promoting equitable healthcare access, all of which represent active commitment to the patient's well-being.