護理師照護一位新診斷糖尿病病人。下列哪些發現顯示該病人有代謝性酸中毒的風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Which findings indicate the client is at risk for metabolic acidosis? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾氏呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解果味口氣
- CSerum pH 7.48血清 pH 值 7.48
- DSerum bicarbonate 18 mEq/L✓ 正解血清碳酸氫鹽 18 mEq/L
- ESerum glucose 450 mg/dL✓ 正解血清葡萄糖 450 mg/dL
代謝性酸中毒（Metabolic acidosis）的常見病理原因包括糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）。其臨床表現包括：Kussmaul 呼吸（A，為了排出二氧化碳以代償酸中毒）；果香味口氣（B，酮體產生）；低碳酸氫根離子（D，HCO3- 降低）；以及高血糖（E）。選項 C（pH 7.48）為鹼中毒，不屬於酸中毒表現。這些生理指標顯示病人的酸鹼平衡處於失代償狀態，需立即處理。
Common pathologic causes of metabolic acidosis include diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Its clinical manifestations include: Kussmaul respirations (A, to blow off carbon dioxide and compensate for acidosis); a fruity breath odor (B, from ketone production); low serum bicarbonate (D, decreased HCO3-); and hyperglycemia (E). Option C (pH 7.48) represents alkalosis and does not fit a picture of acidosis. These physiological indicators show that the client's acid-base balance is in a decompensated state and requires immediate management.