護理師照顧一位使用胸管引流系統的病人。下列哪項發現需要立即介入？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a chest tube drainage system. Which findings require immediate intervention? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- BFluctuation of the fluid in the water-seal chamber during inspiration吸氣時水封瓶內液面波動
- C200 mL of bright red blood drainage in the collection chamber over the past hour✓ 正解過去一小時收集瓶內有200 mL鮮紅色引流液
- DThe chest tube is disconnected from the drainage system✓ 正解胸管與引流系統脫離
- ESubcutaneous emphysema palpated around the insertion site插管周圍觸及皮下氣腫
胸管系統中，水封瓶持續冒泡代表系統有漏氣，應立即檢查連接點。出血量過大（每小時 >100-200 mL）代表活動性出血，需通知醫師。管路脫落會導致氣胸，必須立刻採取密封預防空氣進入胸腔。波動是正常現象，皮下氣腫需監測但非立即命危。
In a chest tube system, continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber indicates an air leak and the connections must be examined immediately. Excessive blood drainage (greater than 100-200 mL per hour) indicates active hemorrhage and the physician must be notified. Disconnection of the tubing can lead to pneumothorax and requires immediate sealing to prevent air entry into the chest cavity. Tidaling is a normal finding, and subcutaneous emphysema requires monitoring but is not immediately life-threatening.
美國醫院多由專科護理師或醫師處理胸管問題；台灣護理師亦需熟悉其運作，但處置權限多限於監測與通報。