— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師評估一位代謝性酸中毒病人，預期會發現哪些症狀？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client with metabolic acidosis. Which findings are expected? (Select all that apply.)
- ADeep, rapid respirations✓ 正解深而快的呼吸
- BConfusion and lethargy✓ 正解意識混亂和嗜睡
- CHyperkalemia✓ 正解高血鉀症
- DHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
- EBicarbonate level < 22 mEq/L✓ 正解碳酸氫鹽濃度 < 22 mEq/L
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
代謝性酸中毒（Metabolic Acidosis）是酸鹼不平衡的危急狀態。其病理機制包括碳酸氫根丟失或酸性代謝產物堆積。呼吸系統會透過庫斯莫爾氏呼吸（Kussmaul breathing）進行代償，以呼出二氧化碳來降低血中酸度；同時酸中毒會導致細胞內外鉀離子交換，引發高血鉀；並抑制中樞神經功能，導致意識改變。
Metabolic acidosis is a critical acid-base disturbance. Its pathologic mechanisms include bicarbonate loss or accumulation of acidic metabolic byproducts. The respiratory system compensates with Kussmaul respirations, exhaling carbon dioxide to lower blood acidity; at the same time, acidosis causes intracellular-extracellular potassium shifts, leading to hyperkalemia; and it suppresses central nervous system function, resulting in altered consciousness.