胸管病人出現哪些徵象時，護理師應警覺有併發症發生？（選所有適合的）
Which assessment findings should alert the nurse to potential complications in a client with a chest tube? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- BSubcutaneous emphysema near the insertion site✓ 正解插管處附近有皮下氣腫
- CFluctuation of the fluid in the water seal chamber水封瓶內液面隨呼吸波動
- DBright red drainage of 300 mL in 1 hour✓ 正解一小時內有 300 mL 鮮紅色引流液
- EAbsence of tidaling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內無液面波動現象
胸管照護需警覺以下併發症徵象：A. 水封瓶持續氣泡顯示空氣洩漏（air leak）或支氣管胸膜瘻，是緊急狀況；B. 插管處皮下氣腫顯示氣體滲漏至皮下組織；D. 短時間內 >100-200 mL/hr 的鮮紅引流為活動性出血警訊；E. 水封瓶 tidaling（潮汐性波動）消失可能代表管路阻塞或肺已完全復張，需進一步評估。其他：C. 隨呼吸的 fluctuation/tidaling 屬於正常生理現象。
Chest tube care requires vigilance for the following complications: A. Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber indicates an air leak or bronchopleural fistula, an emergent situation; B. Subcutaneous emphysema at the insertion site indicates air leakage into subcutaneous tissue; D. Bright red drainage exceeding 100 to 200 mL per hour over a short period signals active bleeding; E. Loss of tidaling (fluctuation) in the water-seal chamber may indicate tubing obstruction or full lung re-expansion and warrants further evaluation. In contrast, C. fluctuation/tidaling with respiration is a normal physiologic finding.