護理師監測正在輸血的病人。哪些症狀代表發生溶血反應?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is monitoring a client receiving a blood transfusion. Which symptoms should the nurse identify as signs of a hemolytic reaction? (Select all that apply.)
- ALow back pain✓ 正解下背部疼痛
- BFever and chills✓ 正解發燒與畏寒
- CHypotension✓ 正解低血壓
- DUrticaria (hives)蕁麻疹(風團)
- ETachycardia✓ 正解心跳過速
輸血反應是護理師在輸血過程中必須嚴密監測的重點,其中急性溶血反應(Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction, AHTR)是最嚴重且可能危及生命的反應之一。這種反應通常發生在輸血後 15 分鐘內,是因受血者體內的抗體攻擊捐血者的紅血球,導致紅血球破裂(溶血)。護理師需立即識別這些症狀並採取緊急措施,停止輸血並通知醫師,以避免進一步的腎臟損傷、休克甚至死亡。了解其典型的全身性症狀表現,對於早期診斷和介入至關重要。
A hemolytic transfusion reaction is a severe immune response where recipient antibodies attack donor red blood cells, often presenting with fever, chills, hypotension, tachycardia, and low back pain due to hemoglobinuria. These symptoms indicate systemic inflammation and potential renal damage, requiring immediate cessation of the transfusion. Urticaria is associated with allergic reactions rather than hemolysis.
在台灣和美國,對於輸血反應的監測和處置流程基本一致,都強調護理師在輸血開始後的前 15 分鐘內密切觀察病人,並在發現任何疑似反應時立即停止輸血、維持靜脈通路、通知醫師並收集相關檢體。兩地護理師的角色和責任在輸血安全方面並無顯著差異。