護理師照護一位胸管引流病人，哪些發現顯示可能出現併發症並需立即處理？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a chest tube. Which findings indicate a potential complication that requires immediate intervention? (Select all that apply.)
- AContinuous bubbling in the water seal chamber✓ 正解水封瓶內持續冒泡
- BAbsence of fluctuation (tidaling) in the water seal chamber水封瓶內無波動（潮汐現象）
- CSubcutaneous emphysema appearing around the insertion site✓ 正解插入部位周圍出現皮下氣腫
- DDrainage output of 50 mL in the last 4 hours最後 4 小時的引流輸出量為 50 mL
- EClient reports sharp chest pain and sudden dyspnea✓ 正解病人報告劇烈胸痛和突然呼吸困難
胸管系統的異常包含：水封瓶持續冒泡（顯示系統漏氣）、皮下氣腫（顯示氣體漏入皮下組織）、以及病人出現急性呼吸窘迫（可能為張力性氣胸）。正常水封瓶應隨呼吸波動（tidaling），波動消失可能是管路阻塞或肺已重新擴張。50 mL/4h 屬於正常範圍。
Abnormalities in a chest tube system include: continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber (indicating a system air leak), subcutaneous emphysema (indicating air leakage into the subcutaneous tissues), and acute respiratory distress (which may indicate tension pneumothorax). Normal water seal chambers should fluctuate (tidaling) with respiration; absence of fluctuation may indicate that the lung has re-expanded or that the tubing is obstructed. A drainage output of 50 mL over 4 hours is within the normal range.
美國護理師常需更換胸管引流瓶，台灣則多由醫師執行胸管置入與移除，護理師則負責監測與負壓設定。