護理師照護一位正經歷戒斷的鴉片類藥物使用障礙病人。護理師應監測哪些症狀？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with an opioid use disorder who is experiencing withdrawal. Which symptoms should the nurse monitor for? (Select all that apply.)
- ADilated pupils (Mydriasis)✓ 正解瞳孔擴大（散瞳）
- BRhinorrhea and lacrimation✓ 正解流鼻水與流淚
- CConstipation便秘
- DMuscle aches and abdominal cramping✓ 正解肌肉痠痛與腹部絞痛
- EGooseflesh (Piloerection)✓ 正解雞皮疙瘩（立毛肌收縮）
鴉片類藥物使用障礙病人經歷戒斷時，會出現一系列因身體對藥物產生生理依賴而突然停止使用所導致的症狀。這些症狀通常與鴉片類藥物本身的作用相反，反映了自主神經系統的過度活躍。護理師必須精確監測這些戒斷症狀，以便及時評估戒斷的嚴重程度，並啟動適當的藥物輔助治療（如美沙酮或丁基原啡/納洛酮），以減輕病人痛苦，預防併發症，並確保其安全。
When a patient with opioid use disorder experiences withdrawal, a constellation of symptoms develops as the body, physically dependent on the drug, reacts to abrupt cessation. These symptoms are typically opposite to the effects of opioids themselves, reflecting overactivity of the autonomic nervous system. Nurses must accurately monitor these withdrawal symptoms in order to promptly assess the severity of withdrawal and initiate appropriate medication-assisted treatment (such as methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone), thereby relieving suffering, preventing complications, and ensuring patient safety.
鴉片類戒斷症狀的識別和處置原則在全球範圍內是一致的。然而，在藥物輔助治療（Medication-Assisted Treatment, MAT）的普及程度和可近性方面，美國和台灣可能存在差異。美國廣泛推廣美沙酮（Methadone）和丁基原啡/納洛酮（Buprenorphine/Naloxone）用於鴉片類戒斷和維持治療，而台灣的相關計畫和資源可能相對較少或有不同的法規限制。