護理師照護一位有吸入性肺炎病史的病人，哪些措施能有效預防再發？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a history of aspiration pneumonia. Which interventions are effective in preventing recurrence? (Select all that apply.)
- AKeep the head of the bed elevated at 30-45 degrees after meals✓ 正解餐後將床頭抬高 30-45 度
- BProvide thin liquids for hydration提供稀薄液體以補充水分
- CAssess swallow reflex before providing oral intake✓ 正解在提供口服攝取前評估吞嚥反射
- DUse a straw to facilitate drinking使用吸管以促進飲水
- EEncourage small, frequent meals✓ 正解鼓勵少量多餐
預防吸入性肺炎：餐後維持半坐臥位（減少胃內容物返流）、吞嚥前評估反射（防誤嗆）、採取少量多餐以減輕吞嚥負荷。選項 B 錯誤：吸入性肺炎高風險群通常需「濃稠液體」（thickened liquids）而非稀薄液體。選項 D 錯誤：吸管會讓液體流速過快，增加嗆入機率。
Prevention of aspiration pneumonia includes maintaining a semi-Fowler's position after meals (to reduce reflux of gastric contents), assessing the swallow reflex before oral intake (to prevent aspiration), and using small, frequent meals to reduce the swallowing burden. Option B is incorrect because high-risk clients usually require thickened rather than thin liquids. Option D is incorrect because a straw allows fluid to flow too rapidly and increases the risk of aspiration.
美國由語言治療師（SLP）進行專業吞嚥評估，台灣則由復健科團隊與護理師共同執行評估。