下列哪些評估發現符合深層靜脈栓塞(DVT)的診斷?(選所有適合的)
Which assessment findings are consistent with a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)? (Select all that apply.)
- AUnilateral edema of the affected limb患肢單側水腫正確答案
- BDiminished pedal pulses in the affected leg患側足背脈搏減弱
- CWarmth and redness over the calf area小腿區域發熱和紅斑正確答案
- DCalf pain or tenderness upon palpation小腿疼痛或觸壓痛正確答案
- ECyanosis and cool skin of the extremity肢端發紺和皮膚冰冷
- A患肢單側水腫
- C小腿區域發熱和紅斑
- D小腿疼痛或觸壓痛
深層靜脈栓塞(DVT)通常發生在下肢,由於血栓阻塞靜脈回流,會引起局部的發炎反應與液體淤積。典型症狀包括:1. 單側水腫(A),兩腿周徑差異大於 3 公分具臨床意義;2. 局部發熱與發紅(C),這是靜脈淤滯與發炎的表現;3. 壓痛(D),特別是在腓腸肌區域。選項 B(脈搏減弱)與 E(皮膚蒼白濕冷或發紺)則是「動脈」阻塞(如急性動脈栓塞)的特徵。在靜脈栓塞中,動脈血流通常是正常的,因此脈搏應可觸及。護理師必須區分動脈與靜脈循環問題的差異,這對採取正確的介入(如靜脈血栓以抗凝血治療為主,現行指引建議及早下床活動而非絕對臥床,動脈血流不足需避免壓迫)至關重要。現在臨床已不建議常規執行 Homans' sign(強烈背屈足部看是否疼痛),因為其敏感度低且可能導致血栓脫落。
- A · 正確答案患肢單側水腫
單側下肢水腫是 DVT 的核心徵象。由於靜脈回流受阻,組織液積聚在受影響的一側,導致患肢周徑明顯大於健側,這在評估中非常關鍵。
- B患側足背脈搏減弱
脈搏減弱代表動脈血流進入受阻。在 DVT(靜脈問題)中,除非水腫嚴重到壓迫動脈,否則遠端脈搏通常是正常的。這是區分動脈與靜脈栓塞的重點。
- C · 正確答案小腿區域發熱和紅斑
血栓引起的發炎反應會導致患部皮膚發紅、膚溫升高。這是身體對血塊刺激血管壁的生理反應,與動脈栓塞的「冰冷」截然不同。
- D · 正確答案小腿疼痛或觸壓痛
病人常主訴小腿抽痛或沉重感。護理師觸診腓腸肌時,病人會有明顯的壓痛。這是由血栓引起的靜脈壁刺激與局部組織缺氧所致。
- E肢端發紺和皮膚冰冷
皮膚冰冷與發紺是動脈血供中斷的表現(6 Ps)。靜脈血栓時血液是「悶」在裡面的,因此膚溫通常偏高而非冰冷,故此選項錯誤。
美國 NCLEX 考試已將 Homans' sign 視為過時且潛在危險的評估動作。診斷以超音波(Duplex Ultrasound)為主,D-dimer 用於輔助篩檢。兩地皆極度強調預防(如使用 SCDs、早期下床)。 台灣出處:臺大醫院藥劑部〈術後靜脈栓塞之預防藥物〉(2017);馬偕紀念醫院護理部〈深層靜脈血栓護理指導〉(2026)
English explanation
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) typically occurs in the lower extremities; obstruction of venous return by the thrombus causes a localized inflammatory response and fluid stasis. Typical findings include: 1. Unilateral edema (A), with a circumference difference of greater than 3 cm between the two legs being clinically significant; 2. Local warmth and redness (C), reflecting venous stasis and inflammation; 3. Tenderness (D), particularly in the calf muscle area. Options B (diminished pulses) and E (pallor with cool, clammy skin or cyanosis) are features of arterial occlusion (such as acute arterial embolism). In venous thrombosis, arterial flow is typically normal, so pulses should remain palpable. The nurse must distinguish arterial from venous circulation problems, which is crucial for selecting the correct interventions (for example, venous thrombosis is treated with anticoagulation, and current guidelines favor early ambulation over strict bed rest, while compression should be avoided in arterial insufficiency). Routine performance of Homans' sign (forceful dorsiflexion of the foot to elicit pain) is no longer recommended clinically because of its low sensitivity and potential to dislodge a clot.
最近修訂:2026-10-05