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降低風險 · HARD · MCQ

護理師照護一位疑似氣胸的病人。應預期見到哪些臨床表現?

A nurse is caring for a client with a suspected pneumothorax. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to find?

  • ABradycardia and hypertension
    心動過緩與高血壓
  • BIncreased breath sounds on the affected side
    患側呼吸音增強
  • CTracheal deviation toward the affected side
    氣管向患側偏移
  • DSudden sharp chest pain and dyspnea✓ 正解
    突發性尖銳胸痛與呼吸困難
Explanation · 中文詳解

氣胸(Pneumothorax)是指空氣進入胸膜腔,導致肺臟部分或完全塌陷。這通常是由於胸壁或肺臟的創傷(如鈍挫傷、穿刺傷、肋骨骨折)或自發性破裂(如肺大泡破裂)所引起。當空氣進入胸膜腔,破壞了原有的負壓狀態,肺臟失去支撐而塌陷,病人會感到呼吸困難。同時,胸膜腔內的空氣壓力增加,可能壓迫心臟和大血管,導致循環系統問題。因此,最典型的臨床表現是突發性的劇烈胸痛(sudden sharp chest pain),伴隨明顯的呼吸困難(dyspnea)。 在胸部理學檢查(physical examination)時,患側(affected side)的呼吸音會顯著減弱或消失,叩診(percussion)時可能聽到鼓音(tympanic sound)或過度回響音(hyperresonant sound),因為胸膜腔內積存了空氣。氣管(trachea)的位置是判斷是否有「張力性氣胸」(tension pneumothorax)的重要指標。在張力性氣胸的嚴重情況下,胸膜腔內壓力極高,會將縱膈(mediastinum)向對側推移,包括氣管也會偏向健側(away from the affected side)。心血管方面,張力性氣胸會阻礙靜脈回流,導致心輸出量下降,表現為心跳過速(tachycardia)和低血壓(hypotension),而非心跳過慢和高血壓。 臨床思路(clinical reasoning)應優先關注可能危及生命的狀況。突發胸痛與呼吸困難是高度警訊,必須立即評估。氣管偏移是張力性氣胸的徵兆,需要緊急處理。而選項 B、C、A 描述的臨床表現與典型氣胸或張力性氣胸的表現不符,甚至相反。

Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse from trauma (blunt/penetrating, rib fractures) or spontaneous rupture (e.g., bleb). Loss of negative pressure collapses the lung, causing dyspnea. The classic presentation is sudden sharp chest pain with dyspnea. On exam, breath sounds are diminished/absent on the affected side and percussion is hyperresonant. Tracheal deviation indicates tension pneumothorax — toward the unaffected side. Tension pneumothorax causes tachycardia and hypotension (not bradycardia/hypertension) from impaired venous return.

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