護理師正在為一名 12 個月大的嬰兒進行發育評估。下列哪項發現應回報給醫療提供者，因為可能存在發育遲緩？
A nurse is performing a developmental assessment on a 12-month-old infant. Which finding should be reported to the provider as a possible developmental delay?
- AThe infant says 'mama' and 'dada' specifically to parents.嬰兒會特別對父母說『媽媽』和『爸爸』
- BThe infant uses a pincer grasp to pick up small objects.嬰兒使用指尖抓握撿起小物件
- CThe infant cannot stand alone without support.✓ 正解嬰兒無法在無支撐下站立
- DThe infant crawls on hands and knees.嬰兒用手膝爬行
12 個月大是發展評估的重要里程碑。核心概念是評估粗大動作、精細動作及語言社交。在 12 個月時，多數嬰兒應能「獨立站立」或至少能扶著家具走動。雖然發展有差異，但若完全無法獨立站立，應引起警覺並由醫師進一步評估。選項 B（細緻抓握）是 9-10 個月就該發展出的能力，在 12 個月時若具備則屬正常。選項 A（特定稱呼父母）是 12 個月大典型的語言發展里程碑。選項 D（爬行）雖然是嬰兒的運動方式，但到 12 個月大若「只能」爬行而無站立企圖，護理師應仔細觀察其下肢張力。本題中，完全不能獨立站立是最具指標性的遲緩訊號。
Twelve months of age is an important developmental milestone for assessment. Core concepts include evaluating gross motor, fine motor, and language and social skills. At 12 months, most infants should be able to stand independently or at least cruise while holding furniture. Although there is individual variability, complete inability to stand alone should raise concern and prompt further evaluation by a provider. Option B (pincer grasp) is a fine motor skill that should develop by 9-10 months and is normal if present at 12 months. Option A (saying 'mama' and 'dada' specifically) is a typical 12-month language milestone. Option D (crawling) is a means of locomotion for infants, but if the infant only crawls at 12 months without attempting to stand, the nurse should carefully observe lower-limb tone. In this question, complete inability to stand alone is the most indicative sign of delay.
美國臨床實務常用 Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) 進行標準化評估；台灣則普遍使用國健署發放的「兒童健康手冊」內的紅字警訊。護理師在兩地皆扮演衛教家長如何觀察孩子日常表現的關鍵角色，若有疑慮需轉介至早療評估中心。