一位禁食（NPO）且接受靜脈輸液的病人，護理師在口腔護理上的優先事項為何？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who is NPO and receiving IV fluids. What are the nurse's priorities for oral hygiene? (Select all that apply.)
- APerform oral care at least every 2 to 4 hours✓ 正解至少每 2 至 4 小時進行口腔護理
- BUse a lemon-glycerin swab for cleaning使用檸檬甘油棉棒清潔
- CUse a soft-bristled toothbrush to clean teeth and tongue✓ 正解使用軟毛牙刷清潔牙齒和舌頭
- DApply a water-based moisturizer to the lips✓ 正解在水基潤唇膏塗抹於嘴唇
- EAvoid alcohol-based mouthwashes✓ 正解避免使用含酒精漱口水
對於禁食（NPO）的病人，由於缺乏咀嚼與唾液分泌的機械性刺激，口腔黏膜極易乾燥、脫落並滋生細菌，增加口腔感染與黏膜炎（stomatitis）的風險。護理重點在於保持口腔濕潤與衛生。應避免使用含酒精產品，因為酒精會加劇黏膜乾燥。檸檬甘油棒（lemon-glycerin swabs）雖然常見，但會導致口腔黏膜脫水並破壞牙釉質，應避免使用。頻繁的口腔護理（每 2-4 小時）與使用水基潤唇膏是維持口腔黏膜完整性的標準護理措施。
For a patient who is NPO, the absence of the mechanical stimulation provided by chewing and salivation makes the oral mucosa prone to dryness, peeling, and bacterial overgrowth, increasing the risk of oral infection and stomatitis. The focus of nursing care is to keep the mouth moist and clean. Alcohol-containing products should be avoided, because alcohol exacerbates mucosal dryness. Lemon-glycerin swabs, although common, dehydrate the oral mucosa and damage tooth enamel, and should be avoided. Frequent oral care (every 2-4 hours) and use of a water-based lip balm are the standard nursing measures for maintaining the integrity of the oral mucosa.
在美國臨床，護理師應嚴格避免使用檸檬甘油棒（lemon-glycerin swabs），此為 NCLEX 考試中非常經典的考點。台灣臨床有時仍可見使用，但在美國實證護理（EBP）中已被明確建議移除。