護理師準備為病人靜脈輸注氯化鉀，下列哪些措施能降低靜脈炎的風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to administer potassium chloride IV to a client. Which actions are essential to reduce the risk of phlebitis? (Select all that apply.)
- ADilute the medication properly as per facility protocol✓ 正解依照機構規定適當稀釋藥物
- BAdminister the medication via a large peripheral vein or central line✓ 正解透過大型周邊靜脈或中心導管給藥
- CUse an infusion pump to maintain a steady flow rate✓ 正解使用輸注泵以維持穩定的流速
- DAdminister as a rapid IV bolus to decrease contact time快速靜脈推注以減少接觸時間
- ECheck the IV site frequently for signs of infiltration✓ 正解經常檢查靜脈穿刺處是否有滲漏跡象
氯化鉀具有強烈的血管刺激性，若濃度過高或滴注過快易導致靜脈炎或壞死。必須充分稀釋並透過較大管徑的靜脈給藥，建議使用輸液泵嚴格控制速度。絕對不可直接靜脈推注（Bolus），這會引起心律不整甚至心跳停止。頻繁監測注射部位能及時發現外滲。
Potassium chloride is highly irritating to blood vessels; if the concentration is too high or the infusion is too rapid, phlebitis or tissue necrosis may occur. The drug must be adequately diluted and administered through a vein of sufficient caliber, and an infusion pump should be used to strictly control the rate. IV bolus administration is absolutely contraindicated, as it can cause cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. Frequent monitoring of the injection site allows for timely detection of extravasation.
兩地均嚴格禁止氯化鉀直接推注。美國病房護理師習慣使用智慧輸液泵（Smart Pump），台灣部分基層單位仍需手動計算滴數。