護理師準備餵食一位吞嚥困難的病人。下列哪些措施有助於確保安全？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is preparing to feed a client with dysphagia. Which actions are appropriate to ensure safety? (Select all that apply.)
- APosition the client at a 90-degree angle✓ 正解將病人置於90度坐姿
- BEncourage the client to tilt their head back鼓勵病人將頭部向後傾
- CAdd thickening agents to liquids✓ 正解在液體中添加增稠劑
- DEnsure the client is alert before feeding✓ 正解確保病人在餵食前意識清醒
- EPlace food on the unaffected side of the mouth✓ 正解將食物置於口腔未受損側
吞嚥困難（Dysphagia）病人的護理核心在於預防吸入性肺炎（Aspiration Pneumonia）。所有護理措施必須確保呼吸道安全（ABC 原則）。90 度直立坐姿利用重力協助食團下行；增稠劑（Thickening agent）增加食團黏稠度，減緩流速，給予咽喉閉合的時間；清醒狀態確保吞嚥反射功能正常；患側擺位則是利用重力與口腔結構，將食物導向健側口腔進行咀嚼。頭部後仰會打開會厭軟骨，直接增加食物進入氣管的風險，是嚴禁的動作。
The core of dysphagia care is prevention of aspiration pneumonia. All interventions must protect the airway (ABCs). A 90-degree upright posture uses gravity to help the bolus descend; thickening agents increase viscosity, slowing flow and giving the pharynx time to close; an alert state ensures intact swallowing reflexes; placing food on the unaffected side leverages intact oral mechanics. Tilting the head back opens the epiglottis and directly increases aspiration risk—it is contraindicated.