護理師照護一位留置鼻胃管的病人。下列哪些護理措施能確保病人安全？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a nasogastric (NG) tube. Which nursing actions are appropriate to ensure patient safety? (Select all that apply.)
- AVerify tube placement with a chest X-ray after insertion✓ 正解插入後以胸部X光確認管路位置
- BFlush the tube with water before and after medication administration✓ 正解給藥前後以清水沖洗管路
- CKeep the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees✓ 正解保持床頭抬高至少30度
- DCheck the pH of gastric aspirate to verify placement every 4 hours每4小時檢查胃吸出液的pH值以確認位置
- EUse force if resistance is felt during medication administration給藥時若感到阻力則用力推注
鼻胃管安全護理原則：胸部 X 光是確認管路位置的黃金標準，pH 值檢測僅作為輔助，非絕對準確。給藥前後沖洗管路能防止阻塞。床頭抬高 30-45 度可有效防止胃內容物逆流導致吸入性肺炎。使用蠻力推注藥物會導致管路破損或傷及黏膜，絕對禁止。
Principles of safe NG tube nursing care: a chest X-ray is the gold standard for verifying tube placement, while pH testing serves only as a supplement and is not absolutely accurate. Flushing the tube before and after medication administration prevents occlusion. Elevating the head of the bed 30-45 degrees effectively prevents reflux of gastric contents and aspiration pneumonia. Forceful instillation of medication when resistance is encountered can damage the tube or injure mucosa and is strictly prohibited.
美國醫院極度強調首次放置的 X 光確認；台灣部分醫療機構在長期護理中會使用 pH 試紙加上聽診法，但安全性較低。