一位 DKA 病人入院，護理師注意到其口氣有水果味，且呼吸快而深。這種呼吸型態稱為什麼？
A client is admitted with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse notes a fruity odor to the breath and rapid, deep respirations. Which term describes this breathing pattern?
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾氏呼吸 (Kussmaul respirations)
- BBiot's respirations畢歐氏呼吸 (Biot's respirations)
- CApneustic breathing長吸式呼吸 (Apneustic breathing)
- DCheyne-Stokes respirations陳-施氏呼吸 (Cheyne-Stokes respirations)
糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）會導致嚴重的代謝性酸中毒。為了代償酸中毒，人體會透過呼吸系統排出過多的二氧化碳（酸性物質）以試圖提升血液 pH 值。這種代償性的呼吸型態稱為 Kussmaul 呼吸，特點是節律規律但極度深快。口氣中的水果味則是酮體（Ketones，特別是丙酮）經由呼氣排出所致。臨床思路上，這屬於呼吸系統對代謝問題的代償（ABC 評估）。護理師應識別這並非原發性呼吸困難，而是代謝危機的徵兆，治療重點應放在補液與胰島素治療，而非單純給氧。
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) causes severe metabolic acidosis. To compensate, the body excretes excess carbon dioxide (an acidic substance) through the respiratory system in an attempt to raise the blood pH. This compensatory respiratory pattern is called Kussmaul respirations, characterized by regular rhythm but extremely deep and rapid breaths. The fruity odor on the breath results from acetone (a ketone) being expired through the lungs. Clinically, this represents respiratory compensation for a metabolic problem (within ABC assessment). The nurse should recognize this is not primary respiratory distress but a sign of metabolic crisis, and treatment should focus on fluid resuscitation and insulin therapy rather than oxygen alone.
術語兩地一致。但在 DKA 的治療優先順序上，美國 NCLEX 極度強調「先補液（Normal Saline）」以恢復灌流，再開始「靜脈胰島素（Regular Insulin）」，且需密切監測血鉀變化，這點在台灣臨床實務中同樣重要。