— 心理社會完整性 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師在評估一位患有創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的個案，下列哪些症狀是預期出現的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which clinical findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlashbacks or intrusive memories✓ 正解閃回或侵入性記憶
- BAvoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma✓ 正解避免與創傷相關的刺激
- CHypervigilance and exaggerated startle response✓ 正解過度警覺和誇張的驚嚇反應
- DPersistent feelings of being detached from others✓ 正解持續感到與他人疏離
- EFrequent manic episodes頻繁的躁狂發作
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
PTSD 的四大核心特徵包括：侵入性回憶（Flashbacks）、逃避行為（Avoidance）、負面認知與情緒、警覺性增高（Hypervigilance）。選項 E 的躁狂發作屬於雙極性疾患範疇，非 PTSD 之直接症狀。
The four core features of PTSD are intrusive memories (flashbacks), avoidance behaviors, negative cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal (hypervigilance). Option E, manic episodes, falls within the spectrum of bipolar disorder and is not a direct symptom of PTSD.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美台對 PTSD 診斷標準皆遵循 DSM-5，臨床應用上並無顯著差異。