護理師評估一位患有創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的病人。下列哪些症狀是預期會發現的？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which symptoms should the nurse expect to find? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlashbacks or reliving the traumatic event✓ 正解閃回或重新體驗創傷事件
- BAvoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma✓ 正解回避與創傷相關的刺激
- CIncreased arousal such as insomnia or irritability✓ 正解過度警覺，如失眠或易怒
- DManic episodes lasting more than a week持續超過一週的躁狂發作
- ENegative alterations in cognition and mood✓ 正解認知和情緒的負面改變
創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的核心病理機制為個體暴露於創傷事件後，大腦無法有效處理該記憶，導致持續的心理與生理壓力反應。臨床評估重點在於識別「侵入性症狀」（回憶、惡夢）、「逃避行為」（刻意避開相關地點或想法）、「負面認知與情緒」（自我責備、疏離感）以及「過度警覺」（失眠、驚嚇反應）。護理師在評估時，需特別留意病人是否有自傷或暴力的危險因子，並建立安全穩定的環境。
PTSD's core pathophysiology involves exposure to a traumatic event followed by the brain's inability to process the memory effectively, leading to persistent psychological and physiological stress. Assessment focuses on identifying 'intrusive symptoms' (memories, nightmares), 'avoidance behaviors' (deliberately avoiding triggers), 'negative cognition and mood' (self-blame, detachment), and 'hyperarousal' (insomnia, exaggerated startle). The nurse should be alert to self-harm or violence risk factors and establish a safe, stable environment.