護理師指導一位新造口病人。病人出現哪些徵象應立即通知醫師？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is educating a client with a new colostomy. Which findings should the client report to the provider immediately? (Select all that apply.)
- AStoma appears dark purple or black✓ 正解造口呈現暗紫色或黑色
- BStoma is slightly swollen and moist造口輕微腫脹且濕潤
- CNo stool output for 12 hours12小時內無糞便排出
- DSkin around the stoma is excoriated造口周圍皮膚有擦傷
- ESevere abdominal cramping and absence of bowel sounds✓ 正解嚴重腹部絞痛且無腸鳴音
造口（Stoma）術後評估指標極為重要。深紫色或黑色代表造口血管受損，導致組織缺血壞死（Ischemia/Necrosis），這是必須立即通知醫師的外科急症。嚴重腹部絞痛合併腸鳴音消失，則暗示可能發生腸阻塞（Obstruction）或腸扭轉（Volvulus），同樣具有高度威脅性。護理師需透過觀察顏色、腫脹程度與腸蠕動情形，確保造口功能良好。
Stoma assessment is critical post-op. A dark purple or black stoma indicates ischemia/necrosis—a surgical emergency requiring immediate provider notification. Severe abdominal cramping with absent bowel sounds suggests obstruction or volvulus, another life-threatening complication. Slight swelling and moistness are expected; absent stool output for 12 hours may reflect normal post-op ileus; peristomal excoriation is a skin care issue, not an emergency.