一位第一型糖尿病患呈現意識不清。下列哪些臨床發現支持糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）的診斷？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who is found unresponsive. Which clinical findings support a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾氏呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）
- BSerum pH 7.28✓ 正解血清 pH 值 7.28
- CKetones in the urine✓ 正解尿液中存在酮體
- DBlood glucose 50 mg/dL血糖 50 mg/dL
- EFruity breath odor✓ 正解呼氣帶有水果味
糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）是第一型糖尿病常見的嚴重併發症。其病理機轉為胰島素嚴重不足導致脂肪分解，產生酮體（Ketones）造成代謝性酸中毒（pH < 7.35）。身體代償機制包括 Kussmaul 呼吸（深快呼吸以排出二氧化碳），呼出的丙酮氣體會有水果味。高血糖是其特徵，D 選項的低血糖則非 DKA 表徵。
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common severe complication of type 1 diabetes. The pathophysiology involves severe insulin deficiency leading to lipolysis, producing ketones and resulting in metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.35). Compensatory mechanisms include Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing to eliminate carbon dioxide), and the exhaled acetone gives the breath a fruity odor. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark feature; the hypoglycemia in option D is not characteristic of DKA.