一位第一型糖尿病病人被發現意識不清,血糖值為 42 mg/dL。該病人目前沒有靜脈留置針。護理師應立即採取哪項行動?
A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is found unconscious with a blood glucose level of 42 mg/dL. The client does not have intravenous access. Which action should the nurse take immediately?
- AWait for the code team to arrive等待急救小組到達
- BInsert a peripheral IV line for administration of Dextrose 50%插入周邊靜脈留置針以給予 50% 葡萄糖溶液
- CAdminister glucagon intramuscularly or subcutaneously✓ 正解肌肉注射或皮下注射升糖素
- DAdminister 15 grams of simple carbohydrates orally口服給予 15 克簡單碳水化合物
此題考點在於意識不清病人的低血糖緊急處置原則。當病人意識喪失且無法吞嚥時,口服碳水化合物(D)會導致吸入性肺炎,是禁忌。雖然靜脈注射 D50(B)是首選,但題幹明確指出「沒有靜脈通路(no IV access)」。在這種情況下,護理師應立即給予升糖素(Glucagon)肌肉或皮下注射,這是最快且能由護理師獨立執行的急救措施。升糖素能刺激肝臟將糖原轉化為葡萄糖釋放到血液中。建立靜脈通路(B)在緊急情況下可能耗時,且升糖素可以在找血管的同時給予。這符合 NCLEX 的安全與優先原則。
In an unconscious client with severe hypoglycemia, oral carbohydrates are contraindicated due to aspiration risk. Since IV access is unavailable, administering glucagon intramuscularly or subcutaneously is the fastest and most appropriate independent nursing intervention to raise blood glucose levels.
在美國,學校與許多家庭都備有升糖素急救包,護理師在學校或長照機構常依 protocol 直接施打;在台灣醫院內,護理師通常會先嘗試建立 IV 並同時請醫師開立 D50,但考試邏輯仍以「最快有效路徑」為準。