對於接受管灌飲食的病人，下列哪些護理措施能有效降低吸入性肺炎的風險？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing interventions help reduce the risk of aspiration in a client receiving enteral tube feeding? (Select all that apply.)
- AKeep the head of the bed elevated at 30 to 45 degrees✓ 正解將床頭抬高 30 至 45 度
- BVerify tube placement via X-ray after initial insertion✓ 正解初次置管後經 X 光確認管路位置
- CCheck residual volume every 4 hours✓ 正解每 4 小時檢查殘留量
- DFlush the tube with 100 mL of water before feeding餵食前以 100 mL 水沖洗管路
- EAssess for bowel sounds prior to each feeding每次餵食前評估腸鳴音
預防吸入性肺炎的核心在於防止胃內容物反流至氣管。頭部抬高（30-45度）利用重力減少胃食道逆流；確認管路位置（X光為金標準）可避免誤置；定時監測殘餘量（GRV）以確保胃排空狀況。Flush 100mL 過多可能增加胃負荷；聽腸音並非判斷管灌安全與否的可靠臨床指標。
Preventing aspiration pneumonia centers on stopping gastric reflux into the airway. Elevating the head of the bed (30-45 degrees) uses gravity to reduce gastroesophageal reflux; verifying tube placement (with X-ray as the gold standard) avoids misplacement; and periodic monitoring of gastric residual volume (GRV) ensures adequate gastric emptying. A 100 mL flush may be excessive and increase gastric load; bowel sounds are not a reliable clinical indicator for assessing feeding tolerance and safety.
美國醫院多由專科營養師（RD）指導管灌流程；台灣則多依據醫院制定的護理常規標準執行。