病人服用可能導致偽膜性腸炎的抗生素。哪種症狀暗示有此風險？

偽膜性腸炎（Pseudomembranous colitis）是由艱難梭菌（Clostridioides difficile, C. diff）過度生長引起的嚴重腸道併發症，常見於廣效性抗生素使用後。抗生素破壞了腸道內正常的菌叢平衡，導致艱難梭菌釋放毒素，進而引發腸黏膜發炎與壞死。臨床上，嚴重的水樣腹瀉是其最典型且具警示性的症狀，若伴隨發燒、腹痛或血便，需高度懷疑並採取隔離措施（Contact Precautions）。護理師應優先評估病人的體液平衡狀態，並依醫囑進行糞便檢驗與調整抗生素處方。

Pseudomembranous colitis is a serious intestinal complication caused by overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) and is commonly seen after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotics disrupt the normal intestinal flora, allowing C. diff to release toxins, which leads to inflammation and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. Clinically, severe watery diarrhea is the most typical and alarming symptom; if accompanied by fever, abdominal pain, or bloody stools, the diagnosis should be strongly suspected and contact precautions should be initiated. The nurse should prioritize assessment of fluid balance and obtain stool studies and antibiotic adjustments as ordered.