— 心理社會完整性 · HARD · SATA —
護理師應監測哪些徵兆，以評估創傷倖存者是否有發展成創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的風險？（選所有適合的）
Which signs or symptoms should the nurse monitor to assess for potential development of PTSD in a trauma victim? (Select all that apply.)
- AFlashbacks or intrusive memories✓ 正解閃回或侵入性記憶。
- BAvoidance of people or places associated with the trauma✓ 正解迴避與創傷相關的人或地點。
- CIncreased physiological arousal✓ 正解生理喚醒增加。
- DPersistent interest in new hobbies對新嗜好持續感興趣。
- ENegative alterations in cognition and mood✓ 正解認知與情緒的負面改變。
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
PTSD 的核心特徵包括重新體驗（閃回）、逃避（避開創傷相關刺激）、過度警覺（生理喚醒）以及認知與情緒的負面變化（如情感麻木、罪惡感）。選項 D 正好相反，PTSD 患通常會出現對原先感興趣的事物失去興趣，而非產生新興趣。
Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by re-experiencing the event through flashbacks, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, hyperarousal, and negative alterations in cognition and mood. Patients typically lose interest in previously enjoyed activities rather than developing new interests.
✦ 台美臨床差異
美方護理教育強調 PTSD 篩檢工具應用；台灣在臨床照顧中對於創傷後心理評估的結構化流程較為薄弱。