護理師正在檢視一位有跌倒史且患有嚴重失智症病人的照護計畫。為了確保病人安全,護理師應包含哪些干預措施?(選所有適合的)
The nurse is reviewing the plan of care for a client with a history of falls and severe dementia. Which interventions should the nurse include to ensure client safety? (Select all that apply.)
- AApply soft wrist restraints to prevent the client from wandering.施加軟式手腕約束帶以防止病人遊蕩。
- BPlace the client's bed in the lowest position with the wheels locked.✓ 正解將病人病床調至最低位置並鎖住輪子。
- CProvide frequent reorientation to time and place during every interaction.在每次互動時頻繁對病人進行時間與地點的定向引導。
- DEnsure the call light is within the client's reach and provide instructions on its use.確保呼叫鈴在病人觸手可及之處,並提供使用說明。
- EPlace a bed alarm that alerts staff when the client attempts to get up.✓ 正解放置床邊警報器,當病人企圖起身時通知護理人員。
跌倒預防的核心在於環境安全與「限制最少化(Least Restrictive Environment)」。對於嚴重失智症病人,傳統的衛教措施(如教導使用呼叫鈴,D)通常是無效的,因為他們失去了短期記憶與學習新操作的能力。同樣地,頻繁定向感訓練(C)對於「嚴重」失智者可能效果有限,甚至造成挫折,雖然是標準護理,但在安全預防上非核心項目。正確的做法應專注於物理環境的被動防護:將床降至最低(B)以減少跌落高度,並使用床邊警報器(E)在病人試圖起身時及時提醒護理人員,這屬於「預見性護理」。而身體約束(A)在現代護理倫理中是最後手段,不能作為預防遊走的首選工具,且研究顯示約束反而會增加受傷風險。
For a client with severe dementia and a history of falls, safety interventions include placing the bed in the lowest position with wheels locked to minimize fall distance and using a bed alarm to alert staff when the client attempts to rise. Restraints are a last resort due to increased injury risks, and cognitive strategies like reorientation or call light instruction are often ineffective for severe dementia.
美國護理高度強調「無約束政策 (Restraint-Free Policy)」,使用約束需極其嚴格的醫囑與每 15-30 分鐘的監測。在台灣,雖然也推動減少約束,但在病房人力比不足的情況下,為了防止跌倒,約束的使用率有時仍高於美國,且法律對於「身體限制」的容忍度在臨床文化中相對較高。NCLEX 考試必須以美國的無約束邏輯作答。