護理師準備給予肝素(heparin)。哪些發現屬於禁忌或需謹慎使用的情況?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is preparing to administer heparin. Which findings must be documented as contraindicated or requiring caution? (Select all that apply.)
- AActive bleeding✓ 正解活動性出血
- BRecent spinal surgery✓ 正解近期脊椎手術
- CHistory of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)✓ 正解肝素誘導之血小板低下症(HIT)病史
- DMinor headache輕微頭痛
- EElevated PTT levels✓ 正解活化部分凝血活酶時間(PTT)數值升高
肝素(Heparin)是一種抗凝血劑,其核心風險在於出血。護理師給藥前必須評估凝血功能狀態及禁忌症,以確保病人安全。活動性出血、近期重大手術(如脊椎手術,出血會造成神經壓迫)以及曾有肝素誘發血小板低下症(HIT)史皆屬於絕對禁忌。若 PTT 數值已超過治療範圍,表示抗凝血效果過強,此時給予額外劑量將大幅提升出血風險,必須暫停給藥並通知醫師。
Heparin is contraindicated in clients with active bleeding, recent spinal surgery due to hematoma risk, a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or elevated PTT levels indicating excessive anticoagulation. These factors significantly increase the risk of severe hemorrhage or neurological compromise, requiring immediate caution or cessation of therapy.
在美國臨床中,若 PTT 超過治療範圍,護理師通常會依據醫院的 Heparin Protocol 調整劑量或暫停輸注,並同步通報給藥師或醫師,這與台灣常見的「醫師下醫囑才調整」在授權範圍(Scope of Practice)上略有不同。