護理師照護一位剛喪偶的病人。病人表示：「我還是不敢相信他走了，我一直在等他走進那扇門。」病人正處於悲傷的哪個階段？
A nurse is caring for a client who recently lost their spouse. The client states, 'I just can't believe he's gone. I keep waiting for him to walk through the door.' Which stage of grief is the client experiencing?
- AAnger憤怒
- BBargaining討價還價
- CDenial✓ 正解否認
- DDepression抑鬱
根據庫伯羅絲（Kübler-Ross）的悲傷五階段理論，否認（Denial）是最初的階段，病人在此階段拒絕接受現實，這是一種保護性的心理防衛機制，用以緩衝突如其來的衝擊。病人的描述「不敢相信」和「等待他回來」是典型的否認表現。護理重點在於提供心理支持，不要強迫病人立即面對現實，而是陪伴並傾聽。了解這些階段有助於護理師預期病人的行為反應。後續可能進入憤怒、討價還價、沮喪，最後才是接受。辨識這些階段能讓護理師提供更具同理心的個別化照護，避免在不適當的時間進行過度理性的解釋。
The client is exhibiting denial, the first stage of Kübler-Ross’s grief model, characterized by a refusal to accept the reality of the loss as a protective psychological mechanism. The nurse should provide empathetic support and listen without forcing the client to confront the loss prematurely, allowing them to process the shock at their own pace.
美國護理教育極度重視 Kübler-Ross 模型，並將其視為跨文化的基本評估工具；台灣臨床環境中，受到傳統儒家或宗教影響，悲傷表現可能較壓抑，護理師需額外注意病人是否因文化壓力而跳過或隱藏某些階段。