下列哪些是溶血性輸血反應的臨床表現?(選所有適合的)
Which of the following are clinical manifestations of a hemolytic transfusion reaction? (Select all that apply.)
- ALow back pain✓ 正解下背痛
- BFever and chills✓ 正解發燒與畏寒
- CHypertension高血壓
- DHemoglobinuria✓ 正解血紅素尿
- ETachycardia✓ 正解心搏過速
急性溶血性輸血反應(Acute Hemolytic Reaction)是最嚴重的輸血併發症,通常由 ABO 血型不合引起。核心機轉:受體的抗體攻擊供體的紅血球導致大量溶血。經典症狀包括:1. 下背痛(Low back pain):這是因為受損的紅血球碎片阻塞腎小管引起的。2. 發燒與畏寒:全身性發炎反應。3. 血紅素尿(Hemoglobinuria):尿液呈深色或洗肉水色。4. 心血管徵象:心跳過速(Tachycardia)與血壓下降(Hypotension,而非高血壓)。護理師一旦懷疑輸血反應,第一動作必須是「停止輸血」,改接生理食鹽水以維持靜脈通路,並保留剩餘血品與病患尿液檢體送驗。生命徵象的監測是此時的核心任務。
Clinical manifestations of a hemolytic transfusion reaction include low back pain, fever, chills, hemoglobinuria, and tachycardia. These symptoms result from the immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells, leading to systemic inflammation, renal tubule obstruction by debris, and compensatory cardiovascular responses such as increased heart rate.
美國 NCLEX 對於輸血反應的「第一動作」考核極其嚴格(Stop infusion first!);台灣臨床在輸血安全核對(Double check)上有非常嚴謹的兩位護理師複核制度,發生反應時的處置流程與美國一致。