一位有心臟衰竭病史的病人因周邊水腫和呼吸急促入院。護理師注意到病人在過去 48 小時內體重增加了 4 公斤。護理師預期醫師會優先開立哪種藥物來處理液體容積過多?
A client with a history of heart failure is admitted with peripheral edema and shortness of breath. The nurse notes the client has gained 4 kg in the last 48 hours. Which medication should the nurse anticipate the provider will order first to address the fluid volume excess?
- AFurosemide✓ 正解Furosemide(呋塞米)
- BMetoprololMetoprolol(美托洛爾)
- CLisinoprilLisinopril(賴諾普利)
- DSpironolactoneSpironolactone(螺內酯)
此題的核心概念在於處理急性心臟衰竭導致的液體容積過多(Fluid Volume Excess)。病人 48 小時內增加 4 公斤,代表體內滯留了約 4 公升的液體。在生理適應中,改善呼吸急促和減少循環負荷是首要任務。Furosemide(分佈在亨利氏環的強效利尿劑)能在短時間內誘導大量排尿,迅速減輕心臟前負荷。Metoprolol(β-阻斷劑)雖是慢性心衰竭的支柱,但在急性代償不全期(有嚴重水腫與呼吸困難)時,過早增加劑量可能抑制心肌收縮,故非首選。Spironolactone 雖能保鉀利尿,但藥效較慢,不適合急產排水。Lisinopril(ACEI)用於降低後負荷,但對於立即排出 4 公升液體的效果不如強效利尿劑直接。
The most appropriate initial response is to encourage the client to explore specific thoughts related to their fear. This therapeutic communication technique helps the client identify triggers and reality-test their anxieties, whereas false reassurance or distraction invalidates their feelings. Addressing the cognitive aspect of anxiety is more effective initially than immediate pharmacological intervention.
在美國護理實務中,護理師通常會根據病人的每日體重變化(如 24 小時內增加 1-2 公斤)直接聯繫醫師或依據 Standing Orders 給予利尿劑;台灣則高度依賴醫師床邊評估後下達醫囑,護理師在監測體重與通報速度上扮演關鍵角色,但自主調整藥物的空間較小。