護理師監測一位急性心肌梗塞病人是否有潛在併發症。下列哪些發現最能讓護理師擔心病人正發生心因性休克?(選所有適合的)
A nurse is monitoring a client with an acute myocardial infarction for potential complications. Which of the following findings should most concern the nurse as a sign of cardiogenic shock? (Select all that apply.)
- AMean arterial pressure (MAP) of 58 mmHg✓ 正解平均動脈壓(MAP)58 mmHg
- BUrine output of 20 mL per hour✓ 正解每小時尿量 20 mL
- CHeart rate of 115 beats per minute✓ 正解心率 115 次/分鐘
- DCold, clammy skin✓ 正解皮膚冰冷且潮濕
- EJugular venous distention (JVD)✓ 正解頸靜脈怒張(JVD)
心因性休克是心肌梗塞最嚴重的併發症之一,本質是心臟幫浦功能衰竭導致組織灌流不足。其診斷與評估涵蓋多個系統:1. 循環系統:MAP < 65 mmHg(選項 A)代表灌流壓不足,代償性心跳加快(選項 C)試圖維持輸出量。2. 器官灌流:腎臟灌流不足導致少尿(<30 mL/hr,選項 B)。3. 末梢灌流:交感神經興奮導致血管收縮,出現冷汗淋漓(選項 D)。4. 鬱血表現:心臟無法將血液泵出,導致血液回流受阻,出現頸靜脈怒張(選項 E)。所有選項均為心因性休克的典型臨床表現,代表多器官系統的失代償。
Cardiogenic shock is characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion due to pump failure, indicated by a mean arterial pressure below 65 mmHg and oliguria less than 30 mL/hr. Compensatory mechanisms include tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, resulting in cold, clammy skin. Jugular venous distention reflects fluid backup caused by the heart's inability to pump effectively.
美國 NCLEX 考題非常強調 MAP 的計算與臨床意義((SBP + 2DBP)/3),並要求護理師能辨識早期休克徵象;在台灣,臨床判斷常較依賴醫師看過後下達的 CVP 或心臟超音波數據,護理師在早期獨立識別休克預警徵兆的角色正在提升中。