為了預防胸管病人的併發症，下列哪些護理措施是必要的？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following interventions are essential to prevent complications in a client with a chest tube? (Select all that apply.)
- AKeep the drainage system below the level of the chest✓ 正解保持引流系統低於胸部水平
- BMilk or strip the chest tube every 2 hours每兩小時擠壓或剝離胸管
- CEnsure all connections are taped and secure✓ 正解確保所有連接處已纏繞膠帶並固定牢固
- DKeep a sterile occlusive dressing at the bedside✓ 正解在床邊備有無菌封閉敷料
- EClamp the chest tube if the system tips over若引流系統傾倒則夾閉胸管
胸管照護的核心在於維持引流系統的密閉性與功能完整性。引流瓶必須始終低於胸腔水平，利用重力排液並防止液體倒流。所有連接處必須以膠帶密封，防止氣體洩漏導致氣胸復發。床邊必須準備凡士林紗布（Occlusive dressing），以備導管意外脫落時能立即密封傷口。任意擠壓（Milk/Strip）胸管已不再是常規建議，因為會產生過大負壓而損傷肺組織。
Maintaining the closed drainage system is critical; the collection unit must remain below the chest level to use gravity for drainage and prevent backflow. All connections should be securely taped to prevent air leaks that could cause a pneumothorax, and a sterile occlusive dressing must be kept at the bedside for emergency tube disconnection. Milking or stripping the tube is contraindicated as it creates dangerous negative pressure, and clamping the tube risks tension pneumothorax.