— 心理社會完整性 · MEDIUM · SATA —
一位護理師照護喪偶的病患。下列哪些行為顯示病患處於「正常悲傷（Normal Grief）」的過程？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client who is grieving the loss of a spouse. Which behaviors indicate that the client is experiencing normal grief? (Select all that apply.)
- ADifficulty sleeping and loss of appetite✓ 正解睡眠困難和食慾減退
- BExpressions of anger toward the deceased spouse✓ 正解對已故配偶表達憤怒
- CFeeling that life has no purpose for several years覺得生活幾年來毫無意義
- DPreoccupation with the image of the deceased✓ 正解不斷關注已故者的形象
- EOccasional crying spells when reminded of the spouse✓ 正解偶爾因想起配偶而哭泣
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
正常悲傷包含生理與心理反應，如食慾改變、睡眠障礙、對逝者憤怒或內疚、懷念逝者以及間歇性的悲傷哭泣。選項 C 提到的「長期感到人生無意義」屬於病態悲傷（Complicated Grief），若症狀長達數年且無法恢復功能，則應評估是否有憂鬱症或遷延性悲傷障礙。
Normal grief often includes physical symptoms like insomnia and appetite changes, as well as emotional responses such as anger, preoccupation with the deceased, and occasional crying. However, prolonged hopelessness lasting several years suggests complicated or chronic grief, which may indicate depression and requires professional evaluation rather than being considered a normal bereavement response.
✦ 台美臨床差異
台灣文化對死亡與喪親的處理較為內斂，常有宗教儀式輔助，護理師需尊重不同文化與宗教背景對哀傷表現的影響。