— 生理適應 · MEDIUM · SATA —
護理師應確認下列哪些臨床表現屬於肺栓塞 (PE) 的徵象？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following clinical manifestations should a nurse identify as signs of pulmonary embolism? (Select all that apply.)
- ASudden onset dyspnea✓ 正解突發性呼吸困難
- BTachycardia✓ 正解心跳過速
- CPleuritic chest pain✓ 正解肋膜性胸痛
- DBradycardia心跳過緩
- EHemoptysis✓ 正解咳血
— Explanation · 中文詳解 —
肺栓塞（Pulmonary Embolism, PE）是由於血栓（通常來自深部靜脈血栓 DVT）阻塞肺動脈，導致肺部通氣與灌流（V/Q）失調。臨床表現主要與氣體交換障礙及代償性交感神經興奮有關。護理師應評估突發性呼吸困難、胸痛及生命徵象變化。臨床思路需優先考慮呼吸與循環穩定性，若病人出現上述症狀，需立即啟動快速反應小組並給予氧氣支持。
Signs of pulmonary embolism include sudden dyspnea due to blocked pulmonary arteries, tachycardia as a compensatory mechanism for hypoxia, and pleuritic chest pain from pleural inflammation. Hemoptysis may also occur if pulmonary infarction leads to airway bleeding.