護理師針對 PTSD 病人進行出院衛教，家屬應識別哪些徵兆屬於過度警覺（hyperarousal）？（選所有適合的）
A client with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is being discharged. Which manifestations should the nurse educate the family to identify as indicators of hyperarousal? (Select all that apply.)
- AExaggerated startle response to loud noises✓ 正解對巨大噪音產生誇張的驚跳反應
- BDifficulty falling or staying asleep✓ 正解入睡困難或睡眠維持困難
- CPersistent avoidance of places reminding them of the trauma持續迴避讓人想起創傷的場所
- DChronic irritability or angry outbursts✓ 正解慢性易怒或憤怒爆發
- EHypervigilance for potential threats✓ 正解對潛在威脅保持高度警惕
過度警覺是 PTSD 的核心症狀之一，表現為神經系統長期處於戰鬥或逃跑狀態。選項 A、B、D、E 均為典型的生理與心理激動指標。選項 C 屬於迴避行為（Avoidance），是 PTSD 的另一類診斷標準，但不屬於「過度警覺」的範疇。
The family should be educated to identify exaggerated startle response, sleep disturbances, chronic irritability, and hypervigilance as indicators of hyperarousal in PTSD. These manifestations reflect a nervous system stuck in a constant state of readiness for danger. Persistent avoidance of trauma reminders is a separate symptom cluster and does not fall under the category of hyperarousal.
美國有完善的 PTSD 社區支持系統；台灣臨床護理多側重症狀控管，社區資源連結尚在發展中。