下列哪些護理措施有助於預防醫療照護相關感染（HAIs）？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following nursing interventions help prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)? (Select all that apply.)
- APerforming hand hygiene before and after touching a client✓ 正解在接觸病人前後執行手部衛生
- BUsing aseptic technique for dressing changes✓ 正解更換敷料時使用無菌技術
- CRecapping used needles before disposal丟棄前重新套上針帽
- DRemoving indwelling urinary catheters as soon as possible✓ 正解盡早移除留置導尿管
- EKeeping the patient's room door open at all times保持病人房門始終開啟
醫療照護相關感染（Healthcare-associated infections, HAIs）是病人住院期間獲得的感染，主要透過接觸傳播。護理師的核心角色在於打破傳播鏈，透過標準防護措施（Standard Precautions）進行介入。洗手（Hand hygiene）是預防感染最有效且簡單的方法；無菌技術（Aseptic technique）應用於侵入性處置可直接阻斷細菌進入體內；移除不必要的導管則是減少細菌附著及生物膜（Biofilm）形成的關鍵。臨床思路應優先考慮預防病原體傳播及減少侵入性裝置帶來的風險。
Hand hygiene is the most effective method to prevent the transmission of pathogens and reduce healthcare-associated infections. Additionally, using aseptic technique during invasive procedures and removing indwelling catheters promptly minimizes the risk of introducing bacteria and preventing biofilm formation.
美國醫院極度強調「尖端防護」與「無針系統」，針頭回收（Recapping）在美國臨床教育中是絕對禁止的零容忍行為，若不慎被針扎，必須立即通報並進行職業暴露後處理。