下列哪些徵象顯示老年病人出現臨床脫水？（選所有適合的）
Which of the following signs are indicators of clinical dehydration in an elderly client? (Select all that apply.)
- ADry mucous membranes✓ 正解黏膜乾燥
- BIncreased urine output尿量增加
- CDecreased skin turgor✓ 正解皮膚彈性減退
- DTachycardia✓ 正解心跳過速
- EConfusion✓ 正解意識混亂
老年人因身體水分比例降低及口渴感受器敏感度下降，極易發生脫水。脫水時，身體為代償循環血量不足，會出現心跳過速（Tachycardia）；皮膚彈性變差（Decreased skin turgor，需注意在鎖骨或胸前評估，因手背皮膚隨年齡變薄而彈性本就差）；黏膜乾燥；若血液濃縮與電解質不平衡，更常引發急性神智混亂（Confusion）。尿量減少（而非增加）才是脫水的徵象。
Older adults are highly susceptible to dehydration because of a decreased proportion of body water and reduced thirst receptor sensitivity. When dehydrated, the body compensates for inadequate circulating volume by developing tachycardia; skin turgor decreases (which should be assessed at the clavicle or chest, since the skin on the back of the hand thins with age and already has poor elasticity); mucous membranes become dry; and hemoconcentration with electrolyte imbalance often causes acute confusion. Decreased (not increased) urine output is a sign of dehydration.