護理師為一位新診斷低血鉀的病人進行護理規劃，應包含哪些措施？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with a new diagnosis of hypokalemia. Which interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? (Select all that apply.)
- AMonitor heart rate and rhythm via ECG✓ 正解透過心電圖監測心率與心律
- BAdminister potassium chloride IV push靜脈推注氯化鉀
- CAssess for muscle weakness and cramping✓ 正解評估肌肉無力與抽筋
- DEncourage intake of bananas and oranges✓ 正解鼓勵攝取香蕉與柳橙
- EAssess bowel sounds for decreased peristalsis✓ 正解評估腸鳴音以確認蠕動減弱
低血鉀（Hypokalemia）是指血液中的鉀離子濃度低於正常範圍（通常 < 3.5 mEq/L）。鉀離子在維持細胞膜電位穩定性、神經傳導和肌肉收縮（特別是心肌）方面扮演關鍵角色。低血鉀會影響這些生理功能，導致一系列臨床表現。 正確答案 A, C, D, E 均為低血鉀的常見監測與照護重點。心電圖（ECG）監測（A）至關重要，因低血鉀易引起心律不整，如：T 波變平坦或倒置、出現 U 波；肌肉無力、抽筋（C）是神經肌肉受影響的表現；香蕉和柳橙富含鉀離子（D），鼓勵攝取有助於補充；腸道蠕動減緩（E）是低血鉀影響平滑肌收縮的表現，可能導致便秘甚至腸阻塞（Ileus）。 錯誤選項 B（靜脈注射鉀離子推注，IV push）是絕對禁止的。靜脈推注高濃度鉀離子會導致血鉀急速升高，引起嚴重的心律不整，甚至心跳停止，是極度危險的行為。鉀離子補充必須緩慢稀釋後靜脈滴注，且需嚴密監測心電圖與血鉀值。
Hypokalemia refers to a serum potassium level below the normal range (typically < 3.5 mEq/L). Potassium plays a critical role in maintaining cell membrane potential, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction, particularly of cardiac muscle. Hypokalemia affects these physiologic functions, producing a range of clinical findings. The correct answers A, C, D, and E represent key monitoring and care priorities in hypokalemia. ECG monitoring (A) is essential, because hypokalemia readily produces dysrhythmias such as flattened or inverted T waves and the appearance of U waves. Muscle weakness and cramping (C) reflect neuromuscular involvement. Bananas and oranges are rich in potassium (D), so encouraging their intake helps supplementation. Decreased peristalsis (E) reflects the effect of hypokalemia on smooth muscle contraction and may cause constipation or even ileus. Option B (IV push potassium) is absolutely contraindicated. IV push of concentrated potassium causes a precipitous rise in serum potassium, triggering severe dysrhythmias and even cardiac arrest, and is extremely dangerous. Potassium must be replaced slowly through a diluted IV infusion, with close monitoring of ECG and serum potassium.