護理師評估一位經歷創傷事件後出現反覆重現與惡夢的個案。下列哪些發現符合創傷後壓力症候群（PTSD）的診斷特徵？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is interviewing a client who reports recurring flashbacks and nightmares following a traumatic event. Which nursing assessment findings are consistent with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.)
- AAvoidance of people or places associated with the trauma✓ 正解逃避與創傷相關的人或地點
- BPersistent feelings of detachment from others✓ 正解持續感到與他人疏離
- CHypervigilance and exaggerated startle response✓ 正解過度警覺與誇張的驚嚇反應
- DFlight of ideas and grandiosity意念飛躍與自大
- EDifficulty concentrating and memory impairment regarding the event✓ 正解難以集中注意力及對該事件的記憶障礙
PTSD 的診斷標準包含復發性記憶、避開創傷提醒、負向情緒認知變化（如疏離感）、及過度警覺（如驚嚇反應增強）。選項 D 為躁症表現，非 PTSD 特徵。正確選項描述了個案在認知、情感與行為上的典型壓力反應，需透過護理諮商協助其整合創傷經驗。
The diagnostic criteria for PTSD include recurrent memories, avoidance of trauma reminders, negative changes in cognition and mood (such as a sense of detachment), and hyperarousal (such as an exaggerated startle response). Option D describes a manic presentation rather than features of PTSD. The correct options describe the cognitive, affective, and behavioral typical stress responses of the client, requiring nursing counseling to help integrate the traumatic experience.
美台臨床皆依據 DSM-5 診斷標準，台灣精神科護理師在社區心理衛生中心的角色日益重要。