哪些護理措施能預防長期臥床病人的便秘？（選所有適合的）

便秘（constipation）是指排便頻率減少、糞便乾硬或排便困難。對於長期臥床（immobile）的病人，由於活動量減少、腸道蠕動減慢，加上可能水分攝取不足或飲食纖維缺乏，便秘的風險顯著增加。預防便秘的措施應著重於促進腸道功能正常化。 正確選項分析： B. 增加水分攝取（Increasing fluid intake）：水分是形成軟便的關鍵。充足的水分有助於軟化糞便，使其更容易通過腸道。 C. 協助執行關節活動度運動（Assisting with range-of-motion exercises）：即使是臥床病人，定期的被動或主動關節活動也能刺激腸道蠕動，促進排便。 D. 在飲食中增加高纖維食物（Adding high-fiber foods to the diet）：纖維能增加糞便體積，促進腸道蠕動，使糞便更容易排出。 E. 鼓勵規律的如廁時間（Encouraging a regular toileting schedule）：建立固定的排便時間（例如飯後），利用胃腸反射（gastrocolic reflex），有助於訓練腸道規律排便。 錯誤選項分析： A. 每日給予瀉藥（Administering a daily laxative）：長期或不當使用瀉藥（laxatives）可能導致腸道對藥物產生依賴，破壞腸道自然蠕動功能，甚至引起電解質失衡（electrolyte imbalance），不應作為常規的預防手段。 臨床思路：預防便秘遵循 GI (Gastrointestinal) health 的原則，包括充足水分（Hydration）、纖維（Fiber）、運動（Movement）及規律排便習慣（Regular toileting）。優先採用非藥物性介入，藥物使用需謹慎評估。

Constipation refers to decreased frequency of bowel movements, hard dry stools, or difficulty defecating. In immobile clients, the risk of constipation is significantly increased due to reduced activity, slowed bowel motility, possibly inadequate fluid intake, and low dietary fiber. Preventive measures should focus on promoting normal bowel function. Analysis of correct options: B. Increasing fluid intake: Fluids are key to forming soft stool. Adequate hydration softens stool and facilitates its passage through the intestine. C. Assisting with range-of-motion exercises: Even for bedridden clients, regular passive or active joint movement stimulates bowel peristalsis and promotes defecation. D. Adding high-fiber foods to the diet: Fiber adds bulk to stool, promotes bowel motility, and makes stool easier to pass. E. Encouraging a regular toileting schedule: Establishing a consistent time for elimination (e.g., after meals) utilizes the gastrocolic reflex and helps train the bowel to defecate regularly. Analysis of incorrect options: A. Administering a daily laxative: Long-term or inappropriate use of laxatives can cause bowel dependence, disrupt natural peristalsis, and even cause electrolyte imbalance; it should not be used as a routine preventive measure. Clinical reasoning: Constipation prevention follows GI (gastrointestinal) health principles, including adequate hydration, fiber, movement, and regular toileting. Non-pharmacologic interventions are preferred, and medications should be used only after careful evaluation.