護理師為老年病人進行心智狀態檢查。下列哪些發現應記錄為潛在的憂鬱症徵兆？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is performing a mental status examination on an older adult client. Which findings should the nurse document as signs of potential depression? (Select all that apply.)
- AInsomnia or hypersomnia✓ 正解失眠或嗜睡
- BPersistent feelings of worthlessness✓ 正解持續的自我無價值感
- CMemory loss regarding recent events近期事件的記憶喪失
- DAnhedonia✓ 正解快感缺失
- EWeight loss without intentional dieting✓ 正解非刻意節食的體重減輕
老年憂鬱症常表現為軀體症狀及認知改變。失眠/嗜睡（A）、無價值感（B）、失去興趣（Anhedonia，D）及無預期體重下降（E）均為臨床診斷指標。記憶力減退（C）雖可見於憂鬱症（假性失智），但並非憂鬱症的核心診斷標準，有時需與失智症鑑別，故非本題最適切之憂鬱症特異性表現。
Depression in older adults often presents as somatic symptoms and cognitive changes. Insomnia/hypersomnia (A), feelings of worthlessness (B), loss of interest (anhedonia, D), and unintentional weight loss (E) are all clinical diagnostic indicators. Memory loss (C) can occur in depression (pseudodementia), but it is not a core diagnostic criterion of depression and must sometimes be differentiated from dementia; therefore, it is not the most specific manifestation of depression in this question.
美國長期照護中廣泛使用 GDS (Geriatric Depression Scale)，台灣臨床則多以簡短精神狀態測驗評估。