護理師建議慢性腎臟病病人限制鉀攝取。應教導病人避免食用哪些食物？（選所有適合的）
A client with chronic kidney disease is advised to limit potassium intake. Which foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? (Select all that apply.)
- ABananas✓ 正解香蕉
- BOranges✓ 正解柳丁
- CPotatoes✓ 正解馬鈴薯
- DApples蘋果
- ESpinach✓ 正解菠菜
慢性腎臟病（Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD）病人由於腎臟排泄鉀離子的功能受損，容易導致高血鉀（hyperkalemia）。高血鉀對心臟有嚴重的影響，可能引發致命性的心律不整。 核心概念：鉀離子是維持細胞膜電位穩定的重要電解質，尤其對心肌細胞的興奮性和傳導至關重要。過高的血鉀會改變心肌細胞的電生理特性，影響心臟的正常跳動。 臨床思路：飲食控制是 CKD 病人管理的重要一環，特別是對於容易積聚的電解質（如鉀、磷、鈉）。教導病人辨識並避開高鉀食物，是預防高血鉀及其心臟併發症的關鍵。
Because the kidneys' ability to excrete potassium is impaired in chronic kidney disease (CKD), clients are prone to hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia has serious effects on the heart and can trigger life-threatening dysrhythmias. Core concept: Potassium is an important electrolyte for maintaining cell membrane potential and is especially critical for the excitability and conduction of myocardial cells. Elevated serum potassium alters the electrophysiologic properties of cardiac cells and disrupts normal cardiac rhythm. Clinical reasoning: Dietary control is a key element of CKD management, especially for electrolytes that tend to accumulate (such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium). Teaching clients to identify and avoid high-potassium foods is essential for preventing hyperkalemia and its cardiac complications.