護理師正在進行無菌換藥。必須遵守哪些無菌原則？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is performing a sterile dressing change. Which of the following principles must the nurse follow? (Select all that apply.)
- AKeep sterile items above waist level✓ 正解保持無菌物品在腰部以上
- BAvoid talking over the sterile field✓ 正解避免在無菌區上方說話
- CConsider the outer 1-inch border of the sterile drape as contaminated✓ 正解將無菌單邊緣 1 英吋視為已污染
- DOpen the sterile package flaps toward the body first先將無菌包裝蓋片朝向身體方向打開
- EIf in doubt about sterility, consider the item contaminated✓ 正解若對無菌狀態有疑慮，應視為已污染
無菌技術（Aseptic technique）的核心在於維持無菌區域（Sterile field）的完整性，防止微生物入侵造成感染。護理師必須嚴格遵守無菌原則，包括視線不可離開無菌區、雙手維持在腰部以上、避免跨越無菌區、以及確保無菌包裝邊緣（1-inch border）視為污染。在執行過程中，若有任何不確定是否無菌的疑慮，應一律視為已受污染，這是確保病人安全的最高指導原則。
The core of aseptic technique is to maintain the integrity of the sterile field and prevent microbial contamination that could cause infection. The nurse must strictly observe aseptic principles, including keeping the sterile field in sight at all times, keeping the hands above waist level, avoiding reaching over the sterile field, and treating the outer 1-inch border of the sterile drape as contaminated. During the procedure, if there is any doubt about whether an item is sterile, it must be considered contaminated; this is the highest guiding principle for ensuring patient safety.
美國醫療機構對於無菌技術的稽核非常嚴格，特別是在中心導管置入與換藥時，若有任何無菌破口（Break in technique），護理師被要求必須立即停止並重做，這被視為護理專業的實踐標準。