一位恐慌發作的個案，護理師應採取哪些介入措施？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client experiencing a panic attack. Which interventions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- AUse short, simple sentences✓ 正解使用簡短、簡單的句子
- BLeave the client alone to reduce stimulation讓病人獨處以減少刺激
- CMaintain a calm, authoritative manner✓ 正解保持冷靜、權威的態度
- DPlace the client in a quiet, low-stimulation environment✓ 正解將病人安置在安靜、低刺激的環境中
- EInstruct the client to breathe into a paper bag指示病人用紙袋呼吸
恐慌發作時個案認知能力下降，溝通應簡潔明確。環境應保持安靜以減少感官刺激，護理師應展現專業與冷靜以提供安全感。不應讓個案獨處（有自傷或失控風險）。過度換氣時不再鼓勵用紙袋呼吸，因可能引發缺氧，目前傾向指導腹式呼吸。
During a panic attack, the client's cognitive ability is reduced, so communication should be concise and clear. The environment should be kept quiet to reduce sensory stimulation, and the nurse should display a professional, calm demeanor to provide a sense of safety. The client should not be left alone (risk of self-harm or loss of control). Paper-bag rebreathing is no longer encouraged during hyperventilation, as it can induce hypoxia; current practice favors guiding the client through diaphragmatic breathing.
美國護理教育強調禁止獨處，台灣實務上也相同，但在資源不足時可能需要家屬協助陪伴。