護理師評估一位剛診斷為末期癌症個案的應對機制。哪種行為代表正向的調適（adaptive coping）？
A nurse is evaluating the coping mechanisms of a client recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. Which behavior indicates the use of adaptive coping?
- AAvoiding all discussions regarding medical treatment避免所有關於醫療處置的討論
- BRefusing to acknowledge the terminal nature of the diagnosis拒絕承認診斷的末期性質
- CProjecting feelings of anger onto the nursing staff將憤怒的情緒投射到護理人員身上
- DSeeking social support from family and support groups✓ 正解向家人和支持團體尋求社會支持
正向調適行為包括尋求支持系統、採取解決問題的策略以及正向情緒表達。尋求家庭支持及加入病友團體，能有效緩解孤獨感並降低心理壓力。其他選項（否認、逃避、投射）屬於防衛機制，若持續存在且妨礙治療決策，則被視為適應不良或防衛性調適，而非長期的健康因應。
Adaptive coping behaviors include seeking support systems, employing problem-solving strategies, and expressing positive emotions. Seeking family support and joining peer support groups effectively relieve feelings of loneliness and reduce psychological stress. The other options (denial, avoidance, projection) are defense mechanisms; when they persist and interfere with treatment decision-making, they are considered maladaptive or defensive coping rather than healthy long-term coping.
美國非常強調支持團體的使用；台灣個案多較含蓄，初期多依賴家庭，護理師需主動連結資源。