一位第一型糖尿病患出現糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）。護理師預期會觀察到哪些臨床表現？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is caring for a client with Type 1 Diabetes who presents with DKA. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AKussmaul respirations✓ 正解庫斯莫爾氏呼吸（Kussmaul respirations）
- BFruity breath odor✓ 正解果味口臭
- CBradycardia心搏過緩
- DHyperglycemia✓ 正解高血糖
- EHypokalemia低血鉀
DKA 是由於胰島素缺乏導致脂肪分解產生酮體。庫斯毛耳呼吸（Kussmaul）是用於補償代謝性酸中毒；呼吸出現爛蘋果味來自酮體（丙酮）；高血糖是診斷指標。心搏過速（而非過緩）常見於脫水及酸中毒；血鉀初期常因細胞外移而顯現假性高血鉀，而非低血鉀。
DKA results from insulin deficiency leading to fat breakdown and ketone body production. Kussmaul respirations compensate for metabolic acidosis; the fruity (acetone) breath odor comes from ketones; hyperglycemia is a diagnostic feature. Tachycardia (rather than bradycardia) is common due to dehydration and acidosis; serum potassium is typically falsely elevated or normal at presentation because of extracellular potassium shift in acidosis, not hypokalemia.
美台 DKA 處置皆遵循臨床路徑，包括嚴格的胰島素靜脈輸注與電解質平衡監測。