護理師正在照護一名長期臥床的病人。應採取哪些措施來預防不活動帶來的併發症？（選出所有正確項）
A nurse is caring for an immobile client. Which interventions should the nurse implement to prevent complications of immobility? (Select all that apply.)
- APerform passive range-of-motion (ROM) exercises three times a day.✓ 正解每日進行被動關節活動度（ROM）運動三次
- BReposition the client at least every 2 hours.✓ 正解至少每兩小時為病人翻身
- CEncourage deep breathing and coughing exercises.✓ 正解鼓勵深呼吸與咳嗽運動
- DMassage bony prominences that appear reddened.按摩出現發紅的骨突部位
- EEnsure adequate fluid intake unless contraindicated.✓ 正解確保充足的水分攝取，除非有禁忌症
不活動會導致全身性的負面影響。關節活動（A）可預防關節攣縮與肌肉萎縮。每 2 小時翻身（B）是預防壓力性損傷（壓瘡）的基本標準，能定時釋放骨突處的壓力。鼓勵深呼吸（C）是為了預防擴張不全與墜積性肺炎，因為臥床會限制肺部擴張並導致分泌物淤積。足夠的液體攝取（E）有助於預防便秘與泌尿道感染（UTI），這兩者都是不活動病人的常見問題。特別注意選項 D 是錯誤的：按摩發紅的骨突處會造成深層組織進一步受損甚至引發微血管破裂，現代護理實務已嚴格禁止此行為。護理重點在於「動、翻、吸、飲」。
Immobility produces wide-ranging negative effects on the body. Range-of-motion exercises (A) prevent joint contractures and muscle atrophy. Repositioning every 2 hours (B) is the basic standard for preventing pressure injuries, periodically offloading the bony prominences. Encouraging deep breathing (C) prevents atelectasis and hypostatic pneumonia, since bed rest restricts lung expansion and allows secretions to pool. Adequate fluid intake (E) helps prevent constipation and urinary tract infections (UTIs), both common problems in immobile patients. Note especially that option D is incorrect: massaging reddened bony prominences causes further damage to deep tissues and may even rupture capillaries, and modern nursing practice strictly forbids this. The focus of care is on 'mobilize, turn, breathe, and hydrate.'
美國護理實務中廣泛使用先進的氣墊床（Air-loss mattress）與機械移位設備來輔助翻身；台灣臨床則仍高度依賴護理人員或家屬進行人工翻身，且常使用水袋或自製枕頭作為減壓工具，資源配置上有顯著差異。