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安全與感染控制 · HARD · MCQ

一位病人診斷為肺結核,需要負壓病房來防止疾病傳播,負壓的主要功能為何?

A client is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which negative pressure room feature is required to prevent the spread of the disease?

  • AAir flows from the corridor into the patient room✓ 正解
    空氣從走廊流入病人房間
  • BThe room is filtered with HEPA filters before recirculation
    房間在再循環前經 HEPA 過濾器過濾
  • CAir flows from the patient room into the corridor
    空氣從病人房間流向走廊
  • DThe room temperature is kept below 20 degrees Celsius
    房間溫度保持在攝氏 20 度以下
Explanation · 中文詳解

肺結核(Tuberculosis, TB)是一種由結核分枝桿菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)引起的傳染性疾病,主要透過空氣微粒(Airborne droplets)傳播。為了防止此類疾病在醫療機構中擴散,病人需要被安置在特殊的負壓隔離病房(Negative Pressure Isolation Room)。 負壓病房的核心設計原理是維持病房內的氣壓低於周圍環境(如走廊)。這種氣壓差會產生一個單向的氣流,使得空氣總是從壓力較高、較清潔的區域(走廊)流入壓力較低、可能含有病原體的區域(病室),而病室內的空氣則被抽出,經過 HEPA(High-Efficiency Particulate Air)過濾後,再排到室外或經過處理後循環使用。這樣做的目的是防止病室內的污染物(包括結核桿菌)逸散到外部環境,保護醫護人員和其他病人。 正確答案 A,空氣從走廊流入病室(Air flows from the corridor into the patient room),準確描述了負壓病房的關鍵氣流方向。這種單向氣流設計是負壓隔離的基礎,確保了感染控制。 錯誤選項分析: B. 空氣從病室流入走廊(Air flows from the patient room into the corridor):這是正壓隔離病房(Positive Pressure Room)的特點,用於保護免疫功能低下的病人免受外界病原體侵害,與結核病的預防措施相反。 C. 病房在循環使用前經過 HEPA 過濾:雖然負壓病房的排出空氣通常會經過 HEPA 過濾,但這描述的是空氣處理的方式,而非負壓的主要「功能」或「原理」。負壓的主要目的是控制氣流方向,而 HEPA 過濾是確保排出空氣的潔淨度,兩者相輔相成,但 A 選項直接點出負壓的核心作用。 D. 病房溫度保持在 20°C 以下:病房溫度控制與負壓隔離的原理無關,也非預防結核病傳播的必要條件。 因此,負壓病房的設計宗旨是透過氣壓差控制氣流方向,將潛在的感染源限制在病室內,保障醫療環境的安全。

Pulmonary tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei. In healthcare settings, the client must be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room, where the room pressure is lower than the surrounding corridor. This creates one-directional airflow from the cleaner corridor INTO the patient room, while air leaving the room is HEPA-filtered before being exhausted outside. The purpose is to prevent contaminated air from spreading beyond the room. Option C describes positive-pressure rooms (used for immunocompromised patients). HEPA filtration (B) is a feature of the air handling system but does not describe the primary function of negative pressure. Room temperature (D) is unrelated.

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