對於居住在老舊住宅的幼兒，護理師預防鉛中毒最有效的介入措施為何？
Which intervention is the most effective way for a nurse to prevent lead poisoning in a toddler living in an older home?
- AEnsuring the child is screened for blood lead levels regularly確保定期為兒童進行血液鉛含量篩檢
- BTeaching the parents to wash the child's hands frequently✓ 正解教導父母經常清洗兒童的手
- CEducating parents on safe lead paint removal techniques教育父母安全的除鉛漆技巧
- DEncouraging a diet high in calcium and iron鼓勵攝取富含鈣和鐵的飲食
本題考查環境衛生的初級預防措施。在老舊房屋中，鉛塵是主要的暴露來源，幼兒常透過手部接觸地面鉛塵後放入口中而感染。正確答案 B（勤洗手）是阻斷「手到口」傳播路徑最直接且有效的方法。選項 D（高鈣高鐵飲食）雖然能減少腸道對鉛的吸收，但屬於輔助手段。選項 A（血液篩檢）是二級預防，旨在發現已中毒的個案，而非防止中毒。選項 C（教育移除技術）具備風險，因為不當的移除反而會產生大量鉛塵，通常建議由專業人員處理。護理師在 Health Promotion 的角色中，應優先教導容易執行的日常衛生行為，並評估環境中的風險因子。
This question addresses primary prevention through environmental hygiene. In older homes, lead dust is the principal source of exposure, and young children are commonly poisoned by touching contaminated surfaces and then placing their hands in their mouths. The correct answer B (frequent handwashing) is the most direct and effective way to interrupt this "hand-to-mouth" route of transmission. Option D (a diet high in calcium and iron) can reduce intestinal lead absorption but is an adjunctive measure. Option A (blood screening) constitutes secondary prevention; it identifies clients who are already poisoned rather than preventing exposure. Option C (teaching removal techniques) carries risk because improper removal can generate large amounts of lead dust and is typically a job for trained professionals. In a health-promotion role, the nurse should first teach easily implemented daily hygiene behaviors and assess environmental risk factors.
美國老舊社區（1978 年前建）鉛中毒風險極高，護理師需熟悉環境評估；台灣鉛中毒案例較多與特定中藥或特定職業暴露有關，住宅鉛漆問題相對較少。